Home Video Game Industry Analysis Essay - 862 Words

Subject: The Home Video Game Industry: Industry Analysis History In 1949 the video game was thought of for the first time by an engineer named Ralph Baer but it would be years before video games would enter the spotlight.1 In 1972 Steve Bushnell started the first gaming company Atari. Until 1978 there were very few games for the home system. In 1982 Atari releases a newer version and sales start to sore. In 1985 Nintendo enters the market with the NES. Nintendo still outsells both companies 10 to 1. In 1995 Sega releases Sega Saturn three months before the projected date and there are not enough games released because of this and sales are dismal. The same year Sony releases the Playstation at $100 less than expected with a†¦show more content†¦Opportunity exists when entry into the market is preceded by all others in the industry. Industry trends are leaning towards older population who appreciate graphics and complexity of games and have the resources to pay more for those games. Many gamers are ready to upgrade systems as new technology emerges. Threats to the industry include strong market competition, rapid development of technology, the cost of technology and the rating system given to games. Sub-markets are also gaining popularity including the handheld market and online gaming, which threaten market share. Business and Corporate Strategy Corporate and business level strategies for this industry are equivalent. The inferred industry mission is to provide entertainment through interactive technology. The industry as a whole falls into the maturity segment of the life cycle. Generic competitive industry average is differentiation among games, graphics, and abilities/extras of the game console. In the beginning the strategy focused on the hardware to make profits.3 The strategy has shifted to software for increased growth. Functional strategies include; superior quality in game graphics and well built hardware. Games have evolved from single applications to cartridges to CD-ROM. Graphics have evolved similarly from 8 to 16 to 32 bit. Threats stated in the SWOT analysis can be minimized by staying at the forefront of theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Week 5 â€Å"Case Analysis: Video Game Console Industry in 2012†1266 Words   |  6 PagesWeek 5 â€Å"Case Analysis: Video Game Console Industry in 2012† Grantham University BA490 Business Policy and Strategy Case Analysis: Video Game Console Industry in 2012 Page 1 Executive Summary The video game console industry is a very competitive segment. This segment requires a keen eye on product development as well as strategic product marketing and a rather large logistics arm to ensure rapid distribution to targeted areas. Video game industry in the US, whichRead MoreVideo Games And The Video Game Industry1344 Words   |  6 Pages In the year 2016, the video game industry hit an important milestone. As seen in this 2015-2019 analysis, the industry hit a market value of over $100,000,000,000: (â€Å"THE GLOBAL GAMES MARKET REACHES $99.6 BILLION IN 2016, MOBILE GENERATING 37%†). Just like today, 1983 was looking great for the future of video games. However, unlike today, 1983 did not go great for the video game industry, it went awfully. In 1983, the video game industry crashed and has not fully recovered to the value of the marketRead MoreThe History Of Video Gaming1218 Words   |  5 PagesThe history of video gaming goes back to the 1940’s when aca demics began designing simple games, simulations and artificial intelligence programs for computer science research. The first video game was invented in 1947 by Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Esti Ray Mann in the United States (James n.d.). Mainstream popularity of this industry only occurred four decades ago, in the 1970’s, with gaming beginning to revolutionize in all forms. Many university graduates and businesses were becoming intriguedRead MoreAnalysis Of Video Game Consoles And The Two Companies876 Words   |  4 Pagescompanies? Please explain. My groups chosen IT market sector is video game consoles and the two companies we have chosen are Microsoft and Sony. We chose these two public companies because they are the largest ones when it comes to the creation of video games and video game consoles. Microsoft represents the Xbox series which is one of the largest game consoles in the world while Sony represents PlayStation which is also one of the largest game consoles in the world. We picked these companies because IRead MoreVideo Game Industry Analysis Essay1698 Words   |  7 PagesIndustry background The video game industry (formally referred to as interactive entertainment) is the economic sector involved with the development, marketing and sale of video and computer games. It includes video game consoles, game software, handheld devices, mobile games and online games. The video gaming industry has been growing exponentially in recent years. The growth is expected to leap-frog in the future. Following chart shows the projected market share by 2010 of different segmentRead MoreNetflix Paper1440 Words   |  6 Pagesmonthly subscription service and in January 2007, Netflix started offering on-demand video streaming over the internet. Since then, Netflix has enjoyed huge success to the point that it has become one of the largest online providers of movie rentals in U.S. Netflix has been able to fend competition from Blockbuster and Wal-Mart. The company is enjoying a strong reputation as an innovator in the home movie industry and it has been growing at a significant rate. From the third quarter of 2009 to theRead MoreCase 11 - Video Game Consoles Industry Discussion1530 Words   |  7 PagesCompetition in Video Game Consoles: The State of the Battle for Supremacy in 2008 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1. What are the strategy-shaping business and economic characteristics of the console segment of the video game industry? What is the industry like? The video game industry is the economic sector involved with the development, marketing and sale of video games. It encompasses dozens of job disciplines and employs thousands of people worldwide. It includes video game consoles, game software, handheldRead MoreThe Industry : Video Game Entertainment1399 Words   |  6 Pageshttp://www.nintendo.com Industry: Video Game entertainment Company history and background: In the gaming industry you probably heard of â€Å"It’s -a -me -Mario† which is Nintendo’s trademark character. Nintendo started off as a Japanese card game maker into electronic gaming in a way the term today we call console gaming. What started as a Popeye concept kind of safe the girl game which is titled Mario vs Donkey Kong became a hit in retro arcade gaming came to the convenience of playing at home which is whatRead MoreBusiness Analysis: Microsoft’s Main Resources and Capabilities 1038 Words   |  4 Pageshaving â€Å"a computer on every desk and in every home, running Microsoft software.† Nowadays, the company is one of the most beneficial companies in the world and also one the largest information technology company. a) What are Microsoft’s main resources and capabilities which make it a market leader in computer software development and marketing? Let’s starts with a reference: according to Robert Grant: â€Å"In fats-moving technology-based industries, basing strategy upon capabilities can help firmsRead MoreBlockbuster Business Analysis1092 Words   |  5 Pagescontents 1 Introduction The rental movie market is a high competitive and dynamic market, dominated for several years by Blockbuster, with its pioneer business model of delivering convenience to the costumers looking for home entertainment. The company was a model for the industry during the 80’s, 90’s, but with the new age of online movies, the consumer behavior changed drastically, and other companies, as Netflix and Redbox, providing online content and innovative services, started to dominate this

Finance - 3464 Words

The Developing Manager [Writer Name] [Institute Name] [Date] The Developing Manager Introduction The efficient management of any organization is the central driver of the constant achievement of the business and it is influenced by both the internal and external factors of the organization. It is vital that the Top Management aims to display successful leadership amp; management in organisation concurrently and in view of other duties amp; responsibilities. The Report aims to enhance the understanding regarding leadership amp; Managerial skills. This report will discuss the practices and management principles, will perform the review regarding potential as prospective manager, display managerial skills in the business amp;†¦show more content†¦The combined Business communication is the vital to achievement at QinetiQ North America. When QinetiQ utilize the news media to advertise their competitive advantage to general public, their aim was to be receiving the favourable response from general public. The combined Business communication in text indicates to the planning p rocess, functioning and assessing unified messages which develops Stakeholder relationship and develops the Brand Recognition (Dyck, 2008). At QinetiQ, the performance of Interpersonal communication move is normally in the type of a combined process team where the members like the scientists, Engineers and other professional of team interrelate with each other in order to distribute superior Quality products amp; services. Due to the result of QinetiQ, combined Business communication practice, they are rewarded a contract from Defence Department in order to assist their armed robotic vision for unmanned road vehicles. Organizational Culture and Change: Changing an organisations culture is not easy and many will attest to the fact that it does not happen overnight. QinetiQ N.A. strategic plan was to send a clear message to the public by utilizing the media to show that they are making changes in the company to gain a competitive advantage over their competitors; by changing the leadership at the top. This was accomplished when a new senior vice presidentShow MoreRelatedFinance1352 Words   |  6 Pagesfinancial manager differ from the traditional financial manager? Does the modern financial managers role differ for the large diversified firm and the small to medium size firm? 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(1985), long-term finance provi ders are more likely to focus on the matter whether the financial structure in the company is sound or not and the durability of profitabilityrather than temporary profits that a potentiallyRead MoreFinance, Economics, And Finance Essay1245 Words   |  5 Pagesalso studied business, management, economics, and finance. These courses impressed upon me the importance of the financial sector in the economy. Finance professionals have the unique responsibility of managing assets and analyzing risks to ensure the future success of a company or organization. It is difficult to overstate the importance of this role, as the financial crisis of 2009 showed. It is due to my understanding of the importance of finance and investment, coupled with my longstanding interestRead MoreFinance : Finance A Carry Trade1144 Words   |  5 PagesIn finance a carry trade is a strategy that consists of borrowing at a low interest rate currency to fund investment in higher yielding currencies. (Moffett) Th e country in which the investors borrow from is called the funding country and the country where the investment occurs is called the target country. (4) Carry trade is also termed currency carry trade; this strategy is speculative in that the currency risk is present and not managed or hedged. (Moffett) Although there are several complicatedRead MoreFinance, Banking And Finance Industry2170 Words   |  9 Pagescomplete your transaction and move on with your day. The last thing on your mind is how that transaction is taking place. You don’t care what happens behind the scenes as long as your money is where it needs to be and is safe. 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It comes by a business after it makes profit and is kept separate to use in other ways such as expanding the business by developing new buildings or certain areas, buying new

Empowering Community at Grassroorts Free Essays

We had 16 youth representatives from Nepal, Bangladesh, Sir Lankan and India. (Unfortunately, Pakistan Participants were not given visa, though the clearance from the Ministry was given. Secretariat has already sent the protest note to the all concerned. We will write a custom essay sample on Empowering Community at Grassroorts or any similar topic only for you Order Now ) This workshop took place as a part of Core Group new mission statement. For this workshop, we brought together youth of South Asia who are willing to work as community facilitators at the grassroots. The workshop main Contents were: SAP Perspective on Globalization Conflict and Conflict Transformation Non-violent process Cycle of Violence/Breaking the cycle of violence Case study discussion : Role of teacher, student and parent Consensus building demonstrative exercise Community Facilitation process Role of facilitator Participatory process Prepare two day workshop and prepare one sample activity sheet Prepare One year plan Globalization: Introducing the theme Regional brought the SAP perspective: need for SAP mission, SAP mission in the context of globalization. Role of youth in it. He explained in simple language the character of the present globalization. Normalization, Prevarication and Mechanization. Each one of them was picked up with example and also small role lays, how this three are playing havoc with the lives of people. Mr.. Rammers built on the perspective on globalization further with the group by undertaking group exercise and examples. Linking further with Globalization and conflict. Looking deeply into globalization and its impact on the daily lives and also its national and International dimension. He moved from conflict to conflict transformation process. Rammers presented detail analysis and made participants understand through group exercises. The role of Democratic Globalizes in challenging the process and model of development and how one can go about it in tackling the issues. Consensus building demonstrative exercise Living in pluralistic society and participation of community in the decision making process is important. Nobody should feel left out. Working with the community and arriving at a decision is a difficult process. It takes time and requires patience. There are many ways to make decision, if you want to work in groups. Voting, raising hands have limitation and creates problem. Majority and minority decision making leaves out people dissatisfied. Giving equal share, keeping people together, helping group to grow. It is about the value, democratic view. Why it is preferable, as it helps n taking people along with you. Group Exercise: RSI. 50 from each person was collected from the group (Total RSI. 850). The group was given the task that they need to arrive at a decision â€Å"collectively’ how the amount needs to be spent. Everyone needs to agree with it and there is should be Consensus. What are things they need to do for facilitating? Aware in using words Listening attentively Respect for each other. Everyone (Cooperates) help to facilitate Reminding the group to be focused : About the Time and goal Follow the process To be aware of actions when we facilitate Reminding and summering the agreements Justifying the one opinion and giving reasons for opposing Avoid distraction or deviating from the Goal Lesson learnt Facilitator listens and needs to interpret properly Combination of ideas and Linking Collective ideas for our goal It requires lots of team work Respecting one another Facilitator to know-What and How Rules and regulations(No exceptions) Cooperation (We should know how to work in groups) Cycle of Violence Typography focused on the Non-violent process. Taking Journey by making effort to make group understand the Violence, the Cycle of Violence and how to break the cycle of violence. Typography also made group work on the case study. Where student in a school had a problem with the teacher. The group then divided into three groups: Parents, teachers, Students and came out with different perceptions that each stakeholder had. Gandhi thought is revolutionary Mr.. Alabamian, known as born atheist. Influenced by Gandhi values and he has been practicing nonviolence. He came all the way from Piscataway to share his knowledge and wisdom to the youth. He gave a Historical perspective of nonviolence movement in India and how Gandhi embroiled the people by feeling pulse of the national Gandhi thought is revolutionary. Gandhi was traditional, was a visionary and revolutionary personality. A rare combination. He carried the traditional wisdom, had vision and courage to act on it. The activism inside him made Gandhi a revolutionary personality. He went on with saying that Human become enemy of nature and how the Globalization is creating conflicts. SAP PLANS Towards the end of the workshop. Typography said, muff need to continue to work what you are doing. We expect you to integrate the learning. They need to identify the specific area and community. Participants were given assignment of Preparing a model two day workshop for their areas. And out of all the activity planned for two days they pick up one activity and come out with One activity sheet. Narrating details of how that was to be done. All participants were also asked to prepare One year calendar plan of activities. Bangladesh 1 . Mr.. Mohammad and Mr.. Talked came from Bangladesh. Both male participants were shy in the beginning. Language was the problem as they knew only Bengali language. Mohammad was able to understand some English and communicate the other was not able to understand at all. 2. Participation Level: Can be said as fair. They plan to meet Anastasia and discuss with him. They also plan to interact with the community. They plan to organize programmed like games, cultural programmed etc. They will also organize programmer based on the learning from the workshop. Yearly chart of activities has been prepared by them. Sir Lankan 3. Ms. Kilogram and Mr.. Roman from Sir Lankan actively participated in the process. Both of them prepared separate plans and both seem to be clear about what they will do. Ms. Kilogram prepared chart having columns of Content) With whom(Target Group) What (support needed) 4. Mr.. Roman came up with â€Å"Building up a Non-violent community’s mini project proposal with project aground, Target group, Resources required, objectives and time line. Nepal 5. Mr.. Jaywalk and Ms. Klan both of them Jointly made a plan sheet which included org workshop, Radio programmer and having program on the human rights day. Both were active in the session 6. Mr.. Jaywalk came from Gate organization and is working in grassroots. Klan is with Antenna foundation. Both have showed the commitment. India 7. From India we had two Ms. Maya and Ms. Bin from attractant, Lax Ashram (Our co-coordinator Radar Bath place. 8. Ms. Maya was more vocal and shared experiences and raised questions. Bin was quiet but sensitive. She knew about the issues. Both made presentation in Hindi. They were married and working with community. 9. Ms. Sarnia and Vandal came Visitants network organization. Santa is young, enthusiastic and willingness to learn new things. She has field experience and is adventurous. 10. Vandal is matured, stable and good field workers. Good understanding capacity. Both were married and worked with the community. 11. Mr.. Kennedy is interesting young person from Maniple, North East, India. His recommendation came from HIM. Keen learner. Eager to facilitate. He has gone to the field of Est. Parish and was charged up with what he saw. His plan talked of exposure, helping the organization. He has good links with Nehru Yuba Kinder (Youth network of Goof India). His link organization will be HIM. 2. Mr.. Hammered represented HIM in the Workshop. â€Å"Culture of peace† is the programmer that he will be coordinating for HIM. He is enthusiastic learner. He also contributed his translation skills for the workshop. 13. Mr.. Regenerated was recommended by HIM. He is actively engaged with the community on the land and livelihood issues for several years. He had good interaction with Regional and is eager to be part of Jan Straight 2012. Susann is the organization and has developed good cadre in Andorra Pradesh. 14. Mr.. Sham is active youth workers. He is with â€Å"Peace Film Fest† which is traveling film festival reaching out to educate the community on the issue of Nonviolence, Justice and Peace. 15. Mr.. Dharma and Krishna came from South India. Danna is active worker in Thumbnail. He is too eager to take forward the learning to the field. It was good to have Krishna in the workshop. SAP has invested good amount of resources in building the capacity. He will be closely working with Bijou to coordinate SAP south India. Krishna has made plan for follow up and a yearly calendar prepared. Visa Barbarity April 18, 2011 How to cite Empowering Community at Grassroorts, Papers

Risk Management in Tourism - Events and Hospitality - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theRisk Management in Tourism, Events and Hospitality. Answer: Introduction This study provides a detailed analysis and description of the factors that might influence the level of risks associated with service industries such as tourism, events or hospitality industry. The risk management team of such industries develop appropriate risk management strategies to cope with the emerging risks and situations that may cause the threat to the general, personal as well as public safety. These industries hold a major position in the social, political and economical growth of a particular area or country. Thus, it is important to identify critically and analyse the factors causing a crisis and disaster situations as well as those that influence the level of risk or danger in these situations. Further, this study will help to go through the risk management and treatment options that can help reduce the level of risks that might occur in fields of tourism, events or hospitality industries. Factors that influence the level of risk at Tourism, Events and Hospitality Industry Tourism Industry Analysis Tourism plays one of the major roles for social and economical development. It is considered as one of the many leading driving forces of universal trade (Auer and Stone, 2014). The World Tourism Organization (2003) measures threats based on the security and safety of travellers, hosting groups, visitors and employees working in tourism from these following different sources: The Human and Institutional Environment factors: Common breaking of law (theft, assault, burglary, fraud, theft, pick pocketing, deception) Violence that are targeted and indiscriminate (rape, eve-teasing, harassment, etc.) Common organized criminalities (extortion, coercion, forced labour or slave trading etc) Terrorist attacks and unlawful actions, kidnapping, hijacking etc Political unrest, civil conflicts etc The scarcity of protection service facilities (Berk, 2015). Tourism and Other Related Services: Tourism Industry and other similar industries e.g. transport industry etc can endanger a visitors' personal safely and physical security or can harm them economically by: Inadequate standards for safety in tourism departments and establishments Lack of necessary defence against illicit actions, criminalities and negligency at tourism services. Fraud or deception in business transactions. Dissent with contractors. Disagreements among the employees in the industry (De Keukeleire, Descheemaeker and Reynders, 2015). Individual Travellers: According to Rashid and Robinson, Travellers might risk their personal safety in the following ways identified: Getting involved in dangerous activities or reckless driving etc Travelling with bad physical condition, and if health further deteriorates during travelling Creating conflict among neighbours with inappropriate behaviour and misconduct and violating state laws, engaging in unlawful activities. Performing unlawful activities (taking drugs etc) Travelling to unsafe places Missing personal belongings, money, important documents due to absent mindedness and carelessness. Physical and Environment Oriented Factors: The physical and environment oriented factors which influence risks of the travellers: The natural characteristics of the place or the general climate in the area does not suit the visitor They do not carry sufficient medical supplies for the trip. Carelessness in consuming eatables or drinkables while travelling thus violating personal hygiene. Travellers are exposed to various risky environments caused from physical and natural hazards and disasters. (Jangid et al. 2015). Factors that influence the level of risks at Events industry The governments and businesses are getting lots of opportunities, challenges and revenues from the events industry (Morgan, 2015). But the risk involved in such events is in constant growth. It reflects a wide variety of present-day courses as well as introduces new dangers. Cyber attack and crimes related to terrorism Environment menace Disasters caused by nature Technological glitch or mishaps Fluctuation of global power Economic threats and pandemic breakouts. Factors influencing level of risk in events industry It is possible to classify the risks involved in events industry into the following two categories Those which are man made in some way Those which are outside the scope of instant controlling i.e. the factors which cannot be handled directly or indirectly but they can decide the fate of the event whether it will be successful or a failure. Man-made factors: Minor technical glitch, e.g. power failures, disruption of machine or instruments etc can be of serious threat to the safely and security of workforces, audience or even the participants. Involvement of crimes such as fraud or theft can cause an event to be a major failure. Another set of risks that can be seen in this industry is cost overrun. Mainly large scale events or mega events involving greater infrastructure are more prone to cost overrun (Sto?rmer, Schmeiser and Maas, 2015). Factors which cannot be directly managed or prevented: There also exist a number of risks or threats which are beyond the scope of immediate control and management: The events industry has been a direct target for the terrorist attack in the past. There are a number of incidents in the history which supports the fact that there is chance terrorism might strike on the events planning or staging events industry. Natural disasters can also be a potential threat for the events industry (Campos-Soria, Marchante-Mera and Ropero-Garca). Earthquake, heavy flood or storm can be the cause of disruption of an event and might prevent it from executing successfully. Natural disasters have caused damage in the event industry in the past (Yang et al. 2014). Another factor that can influence the risk in event industry can be pandemic outbreaks or civil turmoil. Factors that influence the level of risks in Hospitality industry:- The hospitality industry is a sub division of the other broader category of industry which is the service industry. Within this industry there are a number of operations included. Few of them include hotel and restaurant industry, lodging, event planning and organising, theme parks, etc. A hospitality unit such as a restaurant, hotel, or an amusement park comprises of a number of units (Morgan, 2015). Factors influencing risks in hospitality industry:- Traditional risk factors: High costs of energy Threats of power failures or technical disruption Non-delivery or delayed delivery by outsourced partners or suppliers Theft, fraud, burglary or employee dishonesty Accidents and injuries of travellers due to illness, furthermore vandalism of personal property caused by carelessness of the customers Damage of property due to fire Breakdown of equipments The hospitality industry is exposed to various newly emerging risks which are not included in the chain of traditional risks. Traditional type of risks has direct impact on the customer service, food and beverage quality. But there are other slightly uncommon risks which are often overlooked in the industry (Jackson and Kwansa). Hotel managers and hospitality risk management teams but be aware of these types of threats by constant evaluation of their risk management strategies (Sto?rmer, Schmeiser and Maas, 2015). The hospitality industry risk managers have the threat of pandemic at the top of their minds. Aside from pandemics, the other risks that can threaten the hospitality industry are: Risks of property damage Risk in reputation Brand management risks Terrorism attack and political risk. Risk treatment option to manage crisis and disaster situation of a tourism industry, Hospitality Industry and Events Industry Risk Management options for Tourism Industry Crisis can be defined as a situation that has a long term negative effect on the operation of a business or products. Risk management can be referred to as a process which act as a guide to prepare the organization to recover from disasters. (Mathew et al. 2012) Crisis can be occurred in a tourism industry due to following facts- Poor establishment of a safety standard. Poor asepsis and disregard for environmental viability. Absence of defence against the activity which is unlawful activities and crime. Trickery in commercial transaction. Disagreement of contractor. Industrial conflict amongst the staff of the organization (Card, Ward and Clarkson, 2015).The process of crisis management in a tourism industry can be defined as identifying and assessing the disaster or risk to the organization and taking decision to recover from that crisis which should be logical as well as systematic (Frevert and Potter, 2011) The risk management treatment of a tourism industry should include the following- The management should care for the safety of visitors and also for employees of their organizations. They should develop a secure system which would be helpful in communicating with persons. The tourism industry should establish a security system for securing travellers and employees from disaster (Frevert and Potter, 2011). The management should train their employees to work efficiently during the recovery operations. They should supply sufficient resources to manage recovery operation. The industry should have procedure to get back to the normal business operation after disasters have happened. (Dionne, 2013) The process of crisis management of a tourism industry is described below- Communication and consultation This process is fundamental to the risk management. Appropriate communication ensures that the stakeholders are focussed and committed towards the process of tourism risk management. Monitoring and reviewing Establishment of context- In this step a framework is established for activities of risk management. In this some criteria are also developed in order to compare them to the risk. Identifying risk- It is defined as a systematic process where all the risks are identified which will be needed to manage. Analysing the risk- In this step the risks are analysed in order to find consequence of those risks. According to this analysis the criteria to recover from the risks are also developed. Evaluation of risk- In this process the risk is arranged according to their degree. Previous criteria for risk management will provide necessary information and depending on this current criteria have to be developed. Treatment of risk- In this step the industry assesses them to find out whether they have all the resources to implement the risk management criteria. After this process the risk management process is implemented (Frevert and Potter, 2011). Risk treatment option to manage Crisis and Disaster situation in an event industry: Event industries are responsible developing and creating large events like ceremonies, festivals, concerts etc (Gjerald and Lyngstad, 2015). The steps to be involved in the risk management of an event industry are described below- Identification of activities due to which risk can be occurred- In this step the activities in an event management industry which can cause risk is identified. Identification of risks which are associated with every activity- This step is to check whether or not any risk is associated with any activity which the event industry handles. Determining the chances of occurrence of disaster and the consequence of those disasters- This step determines the degree of severity of any risk. And also determines how they will affect the operation of the business Giving priority to the risks- In this step the management gives priority to the risks according to their degree of severity. Formulation and implementation of strategy for management of risk- There are some common strategy to manage risk like- avoidance of risk, retention of risk, transfer of risk, reduction of risk. Periodically reviewing and monitoring the risk- This is the last step in which the strategies which are adopted to recover from risk are reviewed and monitored periodically (Frevert and Potter, 2011). Risk treatment option to manage risk and disaster situations in a hospital industry: Risk management in any hospital industry is a complex process. It involves identification, assessment, and resolving risk in each area of the hospital industry. The role of risk management is a difficult process because it involves implementing new act to protect the patients and employee from risks and this process should be affordable for the industry (Mathew et al. 2012). The practices for managing risk in a hospital industry are described below- Assessing risk proactively The manager in the risk management department should assess the risk to identify the risk before it causes damages. The manager should also identify the risks that might be encountered in the operation of the business. Assessing risks help managers to make score upon the risks. They can also detect the frequency with which the risks can result from damages. Based on this assessment the managers can establish practices that would be beneficial to protect the industry from damages. Hardwiring practices for risk mitigation In order to be able to maintain an environment with low risk the manager needs to ensure that the practices which are adopted for risk mitigation are according to the standard policy. For better implementation of these practices the staffs and providers of the industry need to be educated and trained. They should provide alert in the health record to remind the staffs about the practices of the of risk management. Prioritizing of risk The manager of risk management department needs to prioritize the risk according to their degree of damage and frequency. It is a difficult task because it needs to assess and prioritize all actual risk and as well as risk which might be encountered in the business operation. Establishing a comfortable culture If all the responsibility belongs to only the manager of the industry, then this would be too much difficult for the manager to detect each and every risk associated with operation of the business. So the other staffs and providers also cooperate with the manager to find out the risk. People would feel comfortable if they can speak up about their problem which would be beneficial for the industry to detect the risk. For this the environment of the hospital industry need to be comfortable to all the members. Safety of patient is the main responsibility any hospital industry. So for this the members of the hospital industry need to make the patients and their family members feel easy so that they can easily speak up about their problem they are facing in the service provided by the hospital (Zhang, Morse and Li, 2015). Reference List Auer, J. and Stone, G. (2014). Routine angiographic surveillance for risk stratification in PCI-treated patients: fact or fiction?.European Heart Journal, 36(2), pp.71-74. Berk, K. (2015).Modeling and Forecasting Electricity Demand. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. Card, A., Ward, J. and Clarkson, P. (2015). Rebalancing risk management-Part 2: The Active Risk Control (ARC) Toolkit.Journal of Healthcare Risk Management, 34(3), pp.4-17. De Keukeleire, S., Descheemaeker, P. and Reynders, M. (2015). Potential risk of misclassification HCV 2k/1b strains as HCV 2a/2c using VERSANT HCV Genotype 2.0 assay.Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 82(3), pp.201-202. Dionne, G. (2013). Risk Management: History, Definition, and Critique.Risk Management and Insurance Review, 16(2), pp.147-166. Dressel, K. (2015). Risk culture and crisis communication.International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management, 18(2), p.115. Frevert, D. and Potter, K. (2011).Watershed Management Conference 2010. Reston, Virginia: American Society of Civil Engineers. Frevert, D. and Potter, K. (2011).Watershed Management Conference 2010. Reston, Virginia: American Society of Civil Engineers. Gjerald, O. and Lyngstad, H. (2015). Service risk perceptions and risk management strategies in business-to-business tourism partnerships.Tourism Management Perspectives, 13, pp.7-17. Hall, J. (2010). Journal of Flood Risk Management.Journal of Flood Risk Management. Jangid, K., Doraiswamy, J., Varghese, S. and Malaiappan, S. (2015). Periodontitis as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Diseases- Hype or a Fact?.Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research, 6(1), pp.24-27. Mathew, J., Ma, L., Tan, A., Weijnen, M. and Lee, J. (2012).Engineering Asset Management and Infrastructure Sustainability. London: Springer. Mathew, J., Ma, L., Tan, A., Weijnen, M. and Lee, J. (2012).Engineering Asset Management and Infrastructure Sustainability. London: Springer. Morgan, M. (2015). Our Knowledge of the World is Often Not Simple: Policymakers Should Not Duck that Fact, But Should Deal with It.Risk Analysis, 35(1), pp.19-20. Sto?rmer, T., Schmeiser, H. and Maas, P. (2015).Essays on Risk Differentiation and Price Transparency in the Insurer's Pricing Process. St. Gallen. Yang, L., Wang, H., Liang, X., Chen, T., Chen, W., Song, Y. and Wang, J. (2014). Bacteria in hernia sac: an important risk fact for surgical site infection after incarcerated hernia repair.Hernia, 19(2), pp.279-283. Zhang, D., Morse, S. and Li, B. (2015). Risk management of Chinese food companies; a management perspective.Journal of Risk Research, pp.1-17.

Andy Carmichael Goonies Essay Example

Andy Carmichael Goonies Essay Director: Richard Donner Writers: Steven Spielberg (story) and Chris Columbus (screenplay) Script Links: http://www. geocities. com/goonies_e/script. html http://www. dailyscript. com/scripts/goonies. pdf Release Date: 1985 Run Time: 114 minutes Genre: Adventure / Family / Comedy Rated: PG Cast: Sean Astin . Michael Mikey Walsh Josh Brolin . Brandon Brand Walsh Jeff Cohen . Lawrence Chunk Cohen Corey Feldman . Clark Mouth Devereaux Kerri Green . Andrea Andy Carmichael Martha Plimpton . Stefanie Stef Steinbrenner Jonathan Ke Quan . Richard Data Wang (as Ke Huy Quan) John Matuszak . Lotney Sloth Fratelli Robert Davi . Jake Fratelli Joe Pantoliano . Francis Fratelli Anne Ramsey . Mama Fratelli [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] [pic][pic] [pic] [pic] Directions for The Goonies Essay Project Step 1- Choose a character from the film: Michael Mikey Walsh Brandon Brand Walsh Lawrence Chunk Cohen Clark Mouth Devereaux Andrea Andy Carmichael Stefanie Stef Steinbrenner Richard Data Wang (as Ke Huy Quan) Lotney Sloth Fratelli Jake Fratelli Francis Fratelli Mama Fratelli Step 2- Using your chosen Goonie, follow him/ her on the adventure by taking notes on his/ her character trait. Use the attached Character Traits Handout and the Character Traits Worksheet to aid in your note-taking (this is a grade). Step 3- Write a character analysis essay on your Goonie. We will write a custom essay sample on Andy Carmichael Goonies specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Andy Carmichael Goonies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Andy Carmichael Goonies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Essentially, you will use the essay format I went over in class (see Write Right packet), your notes from the film, and the Character Trait Worksheets to discuss your Goonie’s character traits. This is a formal essay. That means no never evers! No First Person, Contractions, Slang! See pages 9-12 Remembrall and the OEH pages 78-88 for a refresher! Remember the following for your Body Paragraphs: †¢ In the first topic paragraph, describe the first character trait you have chosen. Remember these can be defined by: 1. What he/ she says – words 2. What he/ she does – actions 3. What others say (or think) about him/ her – dialogue 4. What others do to him/ her – action †¢ In the second topic paragraph, describe the second character trait you have chosen. Remember these can be defined by: 1. What he/ she says – words 2. What he/ she does – actions 3. What others say (or think) about him/ her – dialogue 4. What others do to him/ her – action †¢ In the final topic paragraph, describe the third character trait you have chosen. Remember these can be defined by: 1. What he/ she says – words . What he/ she does – actions 3. What others say (or think) about him/ her – dialogue 4. What others do to him/ her – action Standards: Writing 7. 8 The student will develop expository writings. * Apply knowledge of prewriting strategies. * Elaborate the central idea in an organized manner. * Choose vocabulary and information that will cause a reader to perceive images and tone. * Revise writing for clarity. * Edit final copies to ensure correct use of homonyms, pronoun-antecedent agreement, subject-verb agreement, and verb tense consistency. Edit final copies to ensure correct spelling, capitalization, punctuation, and format. Benchmark: Key factors learned from The Goonies Essay: 1. Time management- we had to focus on managing our time wisely so as to complete the essay (four fully written paragraphs) in the allotted time of the class. 2. Recalling Facts/ Citing- we learned to recall scenes from the film, The Goonies, and then apply it to our paragraphs as proof to support our topics. 3. Formatting- we learned how to use the Gospel to our advantage and develop our own essay formats based on the guidelines within the Gospel. . Application/ Synthesis- we learned how to take gained knowledge coupled with new information and synthesize it into an expression of our own learning. Character Traits Handout Introduction F. Scott Fitzgerald once n oted, â€Å"Action is character. † In other words, characters do things. They feel things. They hear things. They say things. They think things. They go places and so on. It is in these actions that the character’s traits are established. It is in this that we, the readers, get to â€Å"see† what kind of character thee people are: friendly, sad, nosey, love-struck, adventurous, etc. When we discuss characters in literature, poetry, and even film, we often describe them in terms of their character traits, descriptive adjectives that define the specific qualities of the character. The author/ poet/ director may present this directly, but often times, they show us this in action. Our job as readers/ viewers is to draw conclusions about the character’s traits (infer them). Below is a list of ways we can determine the traits of the character we are studying: [pic] 1. APPEARANCE AND NAME. A possible place to look for analysis is in the names of the characters: For example, Willy Loman from Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman. â€Å"Loman† says a lot about Willy be a â€Å"low man. †Ã‚   It provides the reader an opportunity to analyze the name and character. Would a man with the last name of Loman be more likely to be a powerful business man or one whose career is over? †¢ List the direct characterization of a characters appearance. Before wri ting a character analysis paper, list the qualities of appearance that the author has given you. Then try to analyze how the appearance develops the character. [pic] 2. ACTIONS †¢ We know a lot about a person by the way he/ she behaves. If the person cries a lot, we assume something about his or her character. If a man is always breaking up with his girlfriends, there is something we can assume about him. †¢ To begin, list actions of each characters. Then analyze how these actions define the characteristics of each characters. (See the attached Character Traits Chart Handout) [pic] 3. SPEECH †¢ As with action, we know a lot about a person by what he or she says. Also, we know a lot about a person by how the person says something. Is the character extremely ironic? †¢ To begin, list some dialogue that shows some characteristics of the character. [pic] 4. THOUGHTS AND FEELINGS †¢ Look for thoughts and feelings of a character that demonstrates to you some characteristics of the character. o   Ã‚   If a character always feels guilty, what does this say about the person? Does he have a low self-esteem? Is he extremely religious? †¢ List thoughts and feelings of each characters. Then analyze how these thoughts and feelings define the characteristics of each characters. pic] 5. CHOICES †¢ As choices are made, they reveal the characters value and self-concept. o If a character decides to help volunteer at the shelter, what does this say about her? If she decides to cheat on her husband, what does this say about? †¢ List the choices of each characters. Then analyze what these choices say about the character. How do they add to the indirect characterization? [pic] 6. COMMENTS ABOUT OTHER CHARACTERS †¢ We can learn a lot about a character when another character or the narrator says something about him or her. [pic] Some Common Character Traits †¢ Honest |†¢ Excited |†¢ Bright |†¢ Unselfish |†¢ Humble |†¢ Ambitious | |†¢ Light-hearted |†¢ Studious |†¢ Courageous |†¢ Self-confident |†¢ Friendly |†¢ Able | |†¢ Leader |†¢ Inventive |†¢ Serious |†¢ Respectful |†¢ Short |†¢ Quiet | |†¢ Expert |†¢ Creative |†¢ Funny |†¢ Considerate |†¢ Adventurous |†¢ Curious | |†¢ Brave |†¢ Thrilling |†¢ Humorous |†¢ Imaginative |†¢ Hard-working |†¢ Reserved | |†¢ Conceited |†¢ Independent |†¢ Sad |†¢ Busy |†¢ Timid |†¢ Pleasing | |†¢ Mischievous |†¢ Intelligent |†¢ Poor |†¢ Patriotic |†¢ Shy |†¢ Bossy | |†¢ D emanding |†¢ Compassionate |†¢ Rich |†¢ Fun-loving |†¢ Bold |†¢ Witty | |†¢ Thoughtful |†¢ Gentle |†¢ Tall |†¢ Popular |†¢ Daring |†¢ Fighter | |†¢ Keen |†¢ Proud |†¢ Dark |†¢ Successful |†¢ Dainty |†¢ Tireless | |†¢ Happy |†¢ Wild |†¢ Light |†¢ Responsible |†¢ Pitiful |†¢ Energetic | |†¢ Disagreeable |†¢ Messy |†¢ Handsome |†¢ Lazy |†¢ Cooperative |†¢ Cheerful | |†¢ Simple |†¢ Neat |†¢ Pretty |†¢ Dreamer |†¢ Lovable |†¢ Smart | |†¢ Fancy |†¢ Joyful |†¢ Ugly |†¢ Helpful |†¢ Prim |†¢ Impulsive | |†¢ Plain |†¢ Strong |†¢ Selfish |†¢ Simple-minded |†¢ Proper |†¢ Loyal | Character Traits Worksheet Actions |Character Traits They Reveal | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Characterâ€⠄¢s Name: ______________________________________ Notes on the Essay Format Review your notes from the essay format I went over in class (in great detail), the Write Right packet, the OEH, and the use of your notes from the film, then use the below noted outlined essay format as an example to develop your Goonies essay. †¢ In the first topic paragraph, describe the first character trait you have chosen. Remember these can be defined by: 1. What he/ she says – words 2. What he/ she does – actions 3. What others say (or think) about him/ her – dialogue 4. What others do to him/ her – action †¢ In the second topic paragraph, describe the second character trait you have chosen. Remember these can be defined by: 1. What he/ she says – words 2. What he/ she does – actions 3. What others say (or think) about him/ her – dialogue 4. What others do to him/ her – action †¢ In the final topic paragraph, describe the third character trait you have chosen. Remember these can be defined by: 1. What he/ she says – words 2. What he/ she does – actions 3. What others say (or think) about him/ her – dialogue 4. What others do to him/ her – action Consider this your â€Å"example† (see the following attached page). Then, using these notes and the guideline handouts, write (fill in) with â€Å"proof† (quotes, examples from scenes, etc) a formal essay (that means NO NEVER EVERS) about the character traits of your chosen Goonie. For now, you are focusing on proof and finding evidence to support your thesis and topic sentences (see traits handouts). You may wish to consult the â€Å"Understanding† section of your Remembrall. There you may wish to review the elements of character, conflict, and theme to help you write this essay. Waldo Farguson Mr. Reese English 7, Period 1 9 February 2009 A Chunk of Character Sometimes doing the â€Å"right† thing is about making the â€Å"right† choices. In Steven Spielberg and Richard Donner’s film, The Goonies (1985), Chunk learns this difficult lesson when he and his friends, facing their last days together before a development paves over their homes, stumble onto evidence of pirates treasure. It is this new discovery and the possibilities it holds that allows Chunk’s character to truly develop throughout the whole of the story. Further, his loyalty, compassion, and courage are the specific traits that lead to the saving of their homes from pending development. Chunk’s loyalty defines his character. Notes: For the rest of the formatting of this essay, check your Write Right packet for samples and/or the OEH for development of MLA form. Keep it simple. We are working on form here. It’s like a math formula. Plug and chug to get the pattern down. Once we have this, we are free to develop our style and voice (hopefully in 4th quarter this will begin to take shape). Also, make sure you â€Å"flesh out† your defense: you need to make sure you explain your quotes and defense. Don’t simply list examples. The following page is an example of your Works Cited. Works Cited The Goonies. Dir. Richard Donner. Perf. Sean Astin, Josh Brolin, and Corey Feldman. 1985. DVD. Warner Brothers, 2001.

Nineteen Eighty Four George Orwell Essays

Nineteen Eighty Four George Orwell Essays Nineteen Eighty Four George Orwell Essay Nineteen Eighty Four George Orwell Essay Essay Topic: George orwell Nineteen Eighty-Four – George Orwell In part 1 of Nineteen Eighty-Four Orwell introduces us to the many means of control used by the Party to maintain power over the people. These tools of power are of many kinds and are extremely effective. For example some use technology, some come under the category of propaganda and some can be discussed in relation to structure of government. All these systems combine into a brutally effective machine for dominating the population, as the book’s main protagonists, Winston and Julia, discover. They discover late in the novel that the Party is utterly without human sympathy and empathy, and exercises power not to order human life according to any beneficial principal, but only to keep power. It is impossible to defeat a regime so single-minded. George Orwell’s main contention in the novel is to show that, if a completely power-driven totalitarian government ever came into power, it would stay there. It would become an irresistible and therefore permanent authoritarian government for all mankind. The Party’s effectiveness is partly due to the technology of the time which allows the party comprehensive powers of surveillance. By means of telescreens and hidden microphones across the city, the party is able to monitor its members almost all of the time. In addition there are surveillance helicopters that fly around peering into people’s windows; there is no privacy at all. With this constant observation there is no escape, â€Å"your worst enemy, he reflected, was your own nervous system. At any moment the tension inside you was liable to translate itself into some visible symptom†. The party’s use of technology makes control over the citizens brutal and extremely effective. The brutal control is also due to the constant propaganda that acts as psychological stimuli designed to overwhelm the mind’s capacity for independent thought. With the help of telescreens a constant stream of propaganda is always heard, designed to make the Party’s shortcomings seem like triumphant successes. â€Å"Big Brother is watching you†, citizens are constantly reminded with huge posters of Big Brother and slogans printed everywhere. Propaganda plays a big part in the dominating control the Party olds over Oceania. The Party also uses a method to weed out the malcontents and rebels. This helps them construct a completely controlled civilization. The party sets traps, lays bait and tempts rebels towards an organization that offers hope but tragically doesn’t exist. It gives them an illusion that there is a way to oppress the Party, but it traps them like a Venus fly trap and â€Å"vaporizes† them. So, Winston and Julia are led unknowingly into the shop of Mr Charrington who, we learn, is not a mere prole but a member of the thought police. Winton is lulled into the trap early as he buys the diary from Charrington’s shop and slowly is dragged into renting a room above it. A nostalgia for the past and a desire for privacy is what drives them and this plays directly into the hands of the Party. Another tempting trap devised by the Party is Emanuel Goldstein’s Brotherhood, which Winston and Julia both fall into. What emerges from O’Brien’s deception of Winston and Julia is the fact of the Party’s complete inhumanity. The Party expects the human desire for happiness and freedom to rise up from time to time, but, because of its commitment to power, it has found a system to cull out individuals who experience this desire and destroy them. The Party’s use of traps allows them to catch the rebels easily which in turn allows them to maintain total control. The Party’s control is complete and final. Through many systems their superior control comes with ease, hand in hand with the suppression of the human spirit and hope.

The film Frankenstein Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The film Frankenstein - Essay Example Finally Frankenstein manages to put life into his imagination. The reborn dead body played by Robert monster was first quite and pleasant but Fritz torments monster and so his criminal brain begins to catapult into a fully criminal behavior. Fed up by the criminal behavior of monster Frankenstein leaves him with his mentor Dr.Waldman. The monster escapes from Dr.Waldman and comes to village to take revenge on Frankenstein. Before escaping monster kills both Fritz and Waldman since Fritz was torturing him with fire and whips and Waldman was about to dissect him to dispose. After escaping from the castle the monster went to Elizabeth's bedroom seeing him she screams and he flees. The manhunt is on for the monster and is found in the mountains. He over powers Frankenstein and ties him to a windmill. The windmill is seta fire and eventually it falls on the monster and he burns to ground. Frankenstein is shown carried. The movie was really close to what Mary Shelly has written in her novel. The direction was so appropriate that it brought the darker side of the story to the silver screen. Shelly was trying to make it clear in the novel that science should not tamper with life. The movie miserably fails to make shelly's point clear.

Supply, Demand and Easyjet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Supply, Demand and Easyjet - Essay Example This project would talk about one component of marketing mix which is pricing strategies. The project is projected to address the pricing strategies that are followed by Easy Jet Airline and compare the price with the British Airways. Role of Pricing The fundamental rule of supply and demand states that when there is excess of supply over demand, the price tends to go down and when there is excess of demand over supply of products, the price tends to rise. Thus it can be suggested that prices moves upwards or falls in order to eliminate the risk of excess demand and to bring the supply and demand in the same equilibrium. Price is one of the most important components of marketing mix but also its importance does vary from product to products. Prices are based on certain calculation of cost providing the result in unit cost which tends to remain constant or reduces. The nominal price is determined by the prudence which is often experienced by a customer in the process of acquisition of their personal needs and human wants. It is actually the value that the customer expects from the price paid. The type is market price at which the products are sold off. Market prices rise and fall when the offers exceed the demand or stays below the demand. The price of the product thus depends on two forces the supply and demand (Papantoniou, 1992, p.167). Price is termed as an ingredient which a customer has to pay in order to obtain a product. It is most often regarded as the most flexible components out of the four marketing mix elements. It is one of the quickest elements which can change. Marketers have the ability to raise or even lower the prices more frequently than they change the other marketing variables. Price is regarded as an important competitive weapon and is essential for the organization because price gets multiplied by the number of units sold which equals to total revenue of the firm (Lamb & Hair &McDaniel, 2008, p. 47). In order to survive in the highly comp etitive market place, companies are going for the strategy of obtaining pricing objectives which are attainable, specific and measurable. Pricing objectives are divided into three categories which include profit oriented, sales and status quo. Pricing objectives of a firm often reflects the reality of the market. Pricing objectives are not always used to increase the profit of the firm. Sometimes a firm maintains the price to retain the position which is relative to the competition. This form of pricing objective is termed as status quo. When it comes to the basic law of supply and demand it does influences the pricing strategy. Although the inverse relationship between the price and demand is understood and well known, it is often seen on the perspective of supply side which means that the relationship between price and demand is usually seen from the marketer’s perspective. Another important issue with regards to supply and demand is the expectation of the customers with re spect to price. The customers often tend to have expectation when they purchase a product but in some case the customer expectation about price can be the driving force used in the pricing strategy. According to the situation demand, a marketer sets prices which are in accordance with what the market would pay irrespective of the cost, competition and other factors which affect the

The Political Freedom of Self Under Islamic Regulations Essay

The Political Freedom of Self Under Islamic Regulations - Essay Example In this research paper, I’ll analyze the idea and conception of one’s political freedom in Islam, and how we can achieve it. In the beginning, I’ll quote Qur’anic verses that have particularly emphasized freedom and then, I’ll discuss al nafs (self) and its freedom in Quran. I’ll also examine the extent of man’s freedom in his actions and its political application. In addition, I’ll explore how a complete surrender to Allah’s will and message brings freedom for self. Moreover, I’ll thoroughly explain Qutb’s investigation on how complete surrender to Allah’s will brings freedom and end enslavement of other humans or systems. Additionally, I’ll explain Isaiah Berlin’s ideas of freedom and his critique of â€Å"positive freedom† in an effort to identify their relevance with Qutb’s. Lastly, I’ll explore the idea of jihad (struggle in the way of Allah or struggle against unbeliever) as Qutb refers it as a universal declaration of freedom and the way it is established. Semantically, freedom can mean a variety of things, but in this paper freedom shall be understood within the realms of Islam and within the two concept of freedom as explained by Isaiah Berlin. These two concepts are negative freedom, and positive freedom. Negative freedom is centered on the lack of restraints and constraint in carrying out actions, whereas positive freedom is the complete opposite. In positive freedom, one is restrained or allowed to act in a certain way on the basis of moral code. Muslims are free to act as they want as they can take their own decisions (determinism and mon). They are responsible for their actions; therefore, they need to purify their actions and self. In an effort to purify the inner self, they follow the regulations set by Islam. Jihad Asghar constitute three stages of self, and practicing it

Benefits of Cross Border Mergers and Acquisitions

Benefits of Cross Border Mergers and Acquisitions In the process of businesses creating or building shareholder value, they the management are motivated to undertake cross border mergers and acquisitions in other to expand their operations which will then generate greater profits or potential for owners (shareholder) value creation than that of internal growth. Cross-border mergers and acquisitions (MA) internationally have played a key part in this issue of globalisation or global activity of growth and expansion. When firms and companies otherwise known as enterprises continually increase in size, they tend to look for more funding or capital from outside their territory (locality) or country of operation which may not be readily available in their home country of operation to further advance their growth and expansion drive. And this particularly involves transnational firms such as HSBC, British Petroleum (BP), Vodafone and Shell for example taking over companies or businesses in other countries by parting away with huge sums of money. According to Krekel et al.(1969) mergers usually involve businesses or corporations of same or equal size, whilst the acquiring firm in the case of acquisitions tends to be bigger or larger. According to recent trends in cross border mergers and acquisitions (MA), most of these Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) move to emerging markets in order to take charge or buy controlling interest in those markets. The creation of the European Union (EU) internal market on 31 December 1992 (which seeks to remove trade barriers among member nations) brought about influx of US, Japanese and EU companies holding market positions in EU. And thus the late nineties witnessed more MA involving both local and International partners, with mega mergers between multinationals like DaimlerChrysler and Exxon-Mobil, which transformed global market competition. During this period many businesses in emerging markets were privatised thus creating growth opportunities for MNEs to gain access to previously closed markets of enormous potential. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD, 1998) unfold the driving forces behind cross border MA as per current globalisation. Practitioners of cross border MA deals encourage deregulation or diversification and liberation of the local and state owned businesses or enterprises, thus affording foreign enterprises or businesses in advanced economies to invest directly, joint venture ship or partnership or even outright take over (UNCTAD, 1999) This paper will try to address the significant benefits and also some pitfalls of cross border, mergers and acquisitions as pertaining to global market growth and expansion of Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) or businesses. UNCTAD, 1999 reports that the transition host nation in a greenfield investment or mergers and acquisition stands to benefit in resources or technology. For instance the flow of foreign direct investment to a transition host nation will boost its foreign reserves (Gross domestic product). A clear example is the take over of Cadbury UK plc by Kraft Company which undervalued these shares (Cadbury) but yet invested in excess of Nineteen billion pounds (Â £19) into the UK economy in the midst of the global economic crunch. According to Razin et al (1998), low level of taxes or incentives in some European Union (EU) countries, prompted Investors within UK, to move their production wing of their firms from the UK to E U countries in order for these firms to enjoy stron ger market positions. Investors usually consider tax issues before deciding on where to invest or move their investments to. Many a times, investors favour or decide on nations where the tax laws and policies are relaxed thus favouring their cause in terms of releasing their investment back with maximum gain. Hitt et al (2001 a,b) described acquisition as the process by which controlling stake in a business enterprise or venture is purchased by another larger firm via an open market or on an exchange. Acquisition which is otherwise known as Takeover occurs when majority shares or stake in an organisation is purchased by another bigger firm. By this, the bigger firm take control or charge of the assets as well as the liabilities of this target business which now becomes its subsidiary. Hitt et al (2000) further saw merger as the situation where two or more smaller corporations decide to pull their resources together in order to become a giant leader in their industry or market. When this happens, a new corporate identity will adopted thus both companies will drop their old or individual identities and put on the new one after an agreement has been reached amongst the parties involved. A clear example will be the ongoing merger agreement being entered into by British Airways and Iberial Air lines which aftermath will birth a new corporate identity and image as agreed upon by the parties involved. Another example is that of GlaxoSmithKline which involved synergy between two pharmaceutical firms namely Glaxowellcome and Smithkline Becham that merged to form the second largest pharmaceutical company in Europe. It is worthy to note that synergy will provide more gain since the two companies stands to produce more when they are together through sharing of ideas and technical know how than being on their own as individual. Thus the equation of one plus one equalling three came to being (synergy theory) through merger and acquisition as beneficial to the two firms that came together as one entity or under one umbrella. Again these large companies or businesses with global repute or stature enjoy tremendous benefits in the area reduction in prices, increasing control of market and economies of scale. According to Fatemi et al (1988), even though introducing cross border MA in a near perfect market situation, the owners of the business may not enjoy dividends as per from local operation and this varied valuations for local and international mergers will seek to uncover the imperfect capital market dealings. Pringle (1991) stressed that market accessibility is the main rationale for foreign direct investment. To add to this Harris et al (1991) further elude to the fact that giant or larger companies or firms join with other firms in other nations simply to access their foreign market share. In other words it aids in its saturation into new areas or segments of other markets with no restrictions whatsoever and in addition access credit facilities whilst enjoying tax rebates reserved for local businesses. HOW CROSS BORDER MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS ARE DETERMINED Investors are always drawn to or interested in investing in high flying corporations who are consistent and increasingly growing and engaging in expansion drive of their various businesses or business units. Growth and expansion performance of businesses may be as a result of good corporate governance practices and policies adopted by or from the side of Management of that firm in line with that of the growing target market. In the words of Cheng et al (1989) and that of Moore (1996), overseas business owners or investors enjoyed high returns on their investments after being encouraged to put or invest their wealth in financial institutions (bank), outside the United States for the simple reason of their good financial health thus, favourable growth rates and high turnover in assets and expansion drive. Among other factors that positively influence cross border dealings in emerging economies like that of Africa, Eastern Europe and South America is profitability and efficiency that st ands out as the number one reason. Financiers and investors from both the United States of America and United Kingdom channel their wealth to some financial institutions (banks) and other businesses in these regions via direct investments or mergers. Hannan et al (2007), Vander (2007) and Pasiouras et al (2007) all consented that investors from the United States will shy away from investing their wealth in those financial institutions that constantly make a deficit after they (investors) have critically scrutinised and reviewed the said financial data, profitability and investor ratios before choosing the right venture to invest in, in order to maximise their wealth. In the words of Hannan et al (2007) a lot of mergers and cross border acquisition happen due to the challenges businesses go through in sourcing for more funds or capital to expand their businesses. Hannan et al (2007) again said many of the larger financial institution (banks) and companies exploit the option of target ing emerging markets in terms of investing their resources when considering expanding their corporations. The results from this movement by the larger companies will better advance the economies of these target countries where the small firms are located for which takeover occurred since the cost involved in business transaction will be drastically reduced due to the size and capital base of these larger firms. Among other things, cross border mergers and acquisition can occur where there is concentration of similar businesses such as banks in a catchment area or region. Businesses like banks and stores according to Hannan et al (2007) would always want to take their services and operations to the door steps of the clients, thus concentrating on high streets and other prime locations to better meet their clients need as can be attested in the United Kingdom (UK). Another point worth considering in this determinant of cross border acquisition and merger is Taxation. As with most countries, local companies enjoy tax reliefs or exemptions for awhile whilst foreign companies are made to pay income tax on their local business enterprise as well as foreign income tax. In the words of Scholes et al. (1990), Servaes et al. (1994) and Desai et al. (2002), investors within advanced economies or markets who pay higher taxes tend to invest overseas where they avoid tax and enjoy exemption from foreign or overseas income. For this reason several indices were created by La porta et al. (1998), useful for eper this larger created affiliation. In these indices there is also rule of law and efficient judiciary process thus ensuring that the rights of individuals are respected by all and sundry. In the same vein, Johnson et al. (2000) agreed with the above statement with emphasis on minority shareholders whilst the rights of creditors should be enforced when f irms default in their payments after notices are served. And last but not the least, there must be fair treatment within the confines of the laws or regulations with respect to company directors (Executive and non executive directors). LIMITATIONS It is important to note that cross-border acquisitions and mergers are not, however, without pitfalls. Irrespective of acquisition being domestic or cross-border, investors experience problem of over paying thus suffering excessive financing costs (Eiteman et al., 2004 pg. 590). Merging corporate cultures between a local firm and an overseas one becomes a problem since regulations for example like governance practices might differ from country to country. Managing the aftermath of cross-border merger and acquisition process is normally characterised by retrenchment to achieve economies of scale and scope in overhead duties or functions. The outcome of this is unproductiveness among employees of the target company who fear of losing their jobs or been laid off. For example the take over of Ghana Telecom by Vodafone in January 2009 saw more than thousand workers being laid off. And their new Chief Executive Kyle Whitehill indicates that further restructuring is necessary to ensure that the company is able to deliver prudent returns Source: Joy Business/Myjoyonline.com/Ghana (July 29, 2010). Even for some top executives, for fear losing their jobs become uncooperative when it comes to merger and takeover talks. United Kingdoms example is the aftermath of takeover of Cadbury UK by Kraft plc from United States which saw the downsizing of over four hundred of its employees after the production plant or unit in UK was relocated in Poland to reduce labour and operative costs. In the words of Hadlock et al (1999), company bosses or executives, for fear of losing their jobs after the takeover will conceal some vital information or be reluctant to provide important data that will aid the investors to properly come to a decision as to whether to invest or not in a target business. Globally, additional problems occur from the part of host countries where their government intervene in price discrimination, financing, employment guarantees, segmentation and general nationalism and favouritism which includes capital flight and corrupt practises by foreign investors with the help of personnel in state departments from target nation (see Eiteman et al., 2004 pg. 590). An example is the Quality Grain Scandal in Ghana where some ministers connived with foreign investors to cause financial loss to the state is seen as the most corrupt deal in the country (Source: newsinghana.com). Also the preparation of final accounts might differ from country to country thus it is advised that there must be consistency in its preparation among subsidiaries of that holding company for easy comprehension. For some countries among emerging economies, the host government creates its own standards which differs from that of developed economies for example United States where private sectors and the Government set up GAAP with other principals and standards. Radebaugh et al (1997), Choi et al (1991) and Land et al (2000) all confirmed the differences in the way financial statements are prepared in US, UK and other European countries with makes it difficult for entrepreneurs to understand and compare with similar statements (profit and loss) within sector. According to Ali et al (2000) and Ball et al (2000), Germany lacks in the preparation of returns such that investors or entrepreneurs request for more insight to facts from host nations outside that of the financial report. Anoth er area worth considering is disclosure policy pertaining to corporate governance. Unlike the US and UK where disclosure in corporate governance is held in high esteem, that of emerging countries is very low. For instance some public companies and their private counterparts in these emerging refuse to practise international accounting standards been accepted globally and for that reason are reluctant to fully disclose information freely to prospective investors or other third parties (see UNCTAD 2000). In fact, the ability to successfully complete cross-border acquisition may itself be a test of competency of the MNE in the twenty first century (see Eiteman et al. (2004) pg. 590). SIGNIFICANT ADVANTAGES OF CROSS-BORDER MERGER AND ACQUISITION CONCLUSION Finally, managers tend to take uneconomical plans of takeovers. Sometimes, the motives for takeover decisions by managers may be attributed to availability of free cash flow or for no just cause. The number and dollar value of cross border mergers and acquisitions has grown rapidly in recent years but the growth and magnitude of activity is taking place in the developed countries, not the developing countries. As opposed to the fighting and scraping for market share and profits in traditional domestic markets, a MNE can expect greater growth potential in the global marketplace. There are a variety of paths by which the MNE can enter foreign markets, including Greenfield investment and acquisition. The drivers of MA activity are both macro (the global competitive environment) and micro in scope (the variety of industry and firm-level forces and actions driving individual firm value). The primary forces of change in the global competitive environment technological change, regulatory change, and capital market change create new business opportunities for MNEs, which they pursue aggressively.

The American South :: American History States Papers

The American South So you've moved, or been moved, to the South. Or maybe you're thinking about it. You're wondering: What is this place? What's different about it? Is it different, anymore? Good questions. Old ones, too. People have been asking them for decades. Some of us even make our livings by asking them, but we still don't agree about the answers. Let's look at what might seem to be a simpler question: Where is the South? That's easy enough, isn't it? People more or less agree about which parts of the United States are in the South and which aren't. If I gave you a list of states and asked which are "Southern," all in all, chances are you'd agree with some of my students, whose answers are summarized in Figure 1. I don't share their hesitation about Arkansas, and I think too many were ready to put Missouri in the South, but there's not a lot to argue with here. That tells us something. It tells us that the South is, to begin with, a concept and a shared one. It's an idea that people can talk about, think about, use to orient themselves and each other. People know whether they're in it or not. As a geographer would put it, the South is a "vernacular" region. Stop and think about that. Why should that be? Why can I write "South" with some assurance that you'll know I mean Richmond and don't mean Phoenix? What is it that the South's boundaries enclose? Well, for starters, it's not news that the South has been an economically and demographically distinctive place a poor, rural region with a biracial population, reflecting the historic dominance of the plantation system. One thing the South's boundaries have set off is a set of distinctive problems, growing out of that history. Those problems may be less and less obvious, but most are still with us to some extent, and we can still use them to locate the South. But the South is more than just a collection of unfavorable statistics. It has also been home to several populations, black and white, whose intertwined cultures have set them off from other Americans as well as from each other. Some of us, in fact, have suggested that Southerners ought to be viewed as an American ethnic group, like Italian- or Polish-Americans. If we can use distinctive cultural attributes to find Southerners, then we can say that the South is where they are found.

Quebrals Reflections On Development Communication Education Essay

Upon reading Quebral ‘s Reflections on Development Communication ( 2002 ) , I stumbled upon the undermentioned lines: â€Å" Let us non bury development, allow us ne'er bury development. In development communicating, it remains the weightier of the two. † As a DevCom pupil who is about to step out of the university ‘supposedly ‘ equipped with all the cognition about development communicating, my immediate response to the statement above was to travel back to my ain experience all throughout my old ages with College of Development Communication ( CDC ) in University of the Philippines Los Banos ( UPLB ) . Afterwards, I felt the demand to cognize whether other senior pupils like me personally experienced and felt the weight of development in DevCom, which harmonizing to Quebral should be â€Å" weightier † as opposed to the communicating constituent – therefore, the birth of this research. Waisbord ( 2001 ) defined development communicating as â€Å" the application of communicating schemes and rules in the underdeveloped universe. † Harmonizing to Cagasan ( 2008 ) , this definition is based on the development theories that evolved through the old ages due to miss of advancement and betterment in the societal wellbeing of those populating in the post-war epoch. In relation to the persistent development jobs that paved manner to the alterations in the development idea and patterns of development communicating in general ( Ongkiko and Flor, 2003 ; Quebral, 2002 ) , there is the demand to continuously explore both the bing and emerging constructs of â€Å" development † in order to relieve these jobs. Quebral ( 2002 ) said that â€Å" communicating should follow where development leads. † Recognizing that the development constituent is the really nucleus of the development communicating subject calls for a deeper apprehension of how Development Communication pupils view â€Å" development. † This apprehension will be important in the function of the pupils as future development communicators. It is dry that cognizing how of import the development facet is in our DevCom work, there are really few surveies that explore the perceptual experiences DevCom pupils about development, all the more their experience on how the construct is emphasized in DevCom. The bing and emerging social jobs serve as the bases for the â€Å" substance of development † as discussed by Quebral ( 2002 ) . While development and communicating as separate constructs have their ain of import functions in the DevCom procedure, the development facet is found to be the weightier of the two. Development should order the sort of communicating needed to accomplish the ends of DevCom. However, development as a procedure and construct is of course germinating. The alterations in the development thought – from modernisation ( economic ) up to participatory ( critical ) – are accountable for the plurality of significances and understanding associated with the construct of development. Knowing this, it is interesting to cognize about the significances constructed by DevCom pupils sing the development construct and how they felt its importance through the full class of their undergrad DevCom experience. This survey was prompted by my personal inquiry as to whether what I have experienced in my three and a half old ages with CDC-UPLB truly emphasized the â€Å" weightier † importance of the development constituent. Different people have different experiences, experiences which are said to be socially constructed. Different experiences, in bend, consequence to different apprehension or reading of those experiences. This plurality is besides observed in DevCom pupils ‘ concepts of development and their experience in relation to the accent on this construct. This survey will be guided by Kelly ‘s Personal Construct Theory and its hermeneutical signifier, Social Constructionist Theory ( besides societal constructionism ) .Research ProblemThrough a heuristic-hermeneutic geographic expedition of selected DevCom pupils ‘ DevCom experience, this survey will try to reply: how do selected DevCom pupils â€Å" experience † the â€Å" weightier † development facet of DevCom in the BS Development Communication course of study? Specifically, this research will reply the followers: What are the concepts of development among selected DevCom pupils prior to exposure to DevCom classs? What are the present concepts of development among selected DevCom pupils? What are the specific experiences of selected senior DevCom pupils that influenced their meaning-making and apprehension of development? What are their sensed functions of development communicators based on their apprehension of development? What are the observations of selected DevCom pupils sing the preparation they received with regard to giving accent on the development facet of DevCom?Research AimsIn general, this research aims to follow how selected DevCom pupils â€Å" experience † the â€Å" weightier † development facet of DevCom in the BS Development Communication course of study by carry oning a heuristic-hermeneutic geographic expedition of their DevCom experience. Specifically it aims to: Identify the concepts of development among selected DevCom pupils prior to exposure to DevCom classs ; Identify the present concepts of development among selected DevCom pupils ; Determine the specific experiences of selected DevCom pupils that influenced their meaning-making and apprehension of development ; Determine selected DevCom pupils ‘ perceived functions of development communicators ; and Enumerate the observations of selected DevCom pupils sing the preparation they received with regard to giving accent on the development facet of DevCom.Significance of the StudyThe â€Å" I † position plays a large function in DevCom pattern since development communicators act as agents of alteration. This survey can lend in detecting how pupils understand and â€Å" experience † the construct of development which is believed to be the more of import constituent of DevCom and important in analyzing and practising development communicating. In add-on, this survey can make full in the spreads in understanding development as a construct and as the â€Å" weightier † constituent of DevCom, every bit good as the DevCom pattern in general. It can assist measure whether DEVC classs lead the pupils to the right path approximately development as a construct and the pattern of DevCom. Through the histories of the research worker and the selected senior DevCom pupils who participated in this survey, CDC-UPLB will hold the opportunity to take a glance of the DevCom experience of the college ‘s shortly to be â€Å" official merchandises † – the graduating pupils.Scope and Boundary linesThis survey is grounded merely on the premise that people with different concepts anticipate things in the same manner ( Kelly, 1963 ) . Craig ( 2002 ) , as cited in Cangao ( 2009 ) , said that one does non necessitate to hold a direct experience of what other people experienced in order to understand it. Alternatively, it can be assumed that what they have experienced resembles our ain. It is impossible to interview all the DevCom pupils ; therefore assorted purposive sampling was conducted. This is suited for surveies that merely necessitate a little part of a population to be studied. However, one disadvantage of this method is that there is no manner of cognizing whether the selected samples are representative of the population. Since this survey looks into the emic positions of the selected DevCom pupils sing their apprehension and existent â€Å" experience † of the weightier development facet, it can non be guaranteed that the same contemplations are true for the full population, sing the differences in their experiences. The term â€Å" DevCom experience † is besides used merely to mention to the journey taken by the selected senior pupils all throughout their old ages with CDC. This survey besides does non insinuate that DevCom should entirely set its attempts in stressing the development facet of DevCom ; for one, it is still a field of survey in Communication. However, the realisation of the â€Å" development as the weightier facet † – which ( based on my experience ) is frequently overlooked in some DEVC classs – should assist CDC realine its instructional precedences.Chapter IIREVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUREIn analyzing development communicating as a field, it is of import to understand its constituents to cognize how it works and whether its patterns are still aligned with its uttered ends. This literature reappraisal will supply a brief but comprehensive background about development communicating with the focal point on its development facet.The Evolving â€Å" Devel opment † Concept – the Core Ingredient of DevComDevelopment as a construct, as stated in different surveies, frequently takes a unidirectional way: â€Å" from a province of poorness to one of dynamic socio-economic growing † as stated by Quebral ( 2002 ) and it is frequently associated with the footings â€Å" betterment † ( Cagasan, et al. , 2008 ) and â€Å" positive † societal alteration or transmutation. In New Perspectives on Communication and Development ( 1976 ) , Everett Rogers defined the term development as â€Å" the purposeful alteration toward a sort of societal and economic system that a state decides it wants. † This is besides related to premise presented by Pratt ( 1993 ) wherein the writer stated that development revolves around the premise that bing and non-existing social constituents can order the â€Å" life criterions and the societal wellbeing desired by its people. † The thought of development may look really basic but it underwent a long history of development. A figure of surveies in DevCom traced the alterations in the development thought by sing the different theories that influenced the field. In discoursing the development of the development construct, Srampickal ( 2006 ) looked foremost into the modernisation theory by Lerner, Schramm, Pye, and Rogers in the 1950 ‘s and 1960 ‘s. This phase is similar to what Ongkiko and Flor ( 2003 ) referred to as the First Development Decade which entails the economic position of development. During this phase, development was gauged through the states ‘ gross national merchandise ( GNP ) or the entire value of goods and services in a twelvemonth and their capableness to accommodate new engineerings. Harmonizing to Preston ( 1996 ) , modernisation is an American thought which became popular after the Second World War for its claim that all societies were heading towards industrialisation. This development theory claims that the less developed states can merely better by undergoing economic growing and behavioural alterations in people in footings of labour ( Kendall, 2008 ) . Kendall ( 2008 ) elaborated modernisation theory through the economic development phases framed by former U.S. President John F. Kennedy ‘s economic adviser, Walt W. Rostow:Traditional PhaseThis is to a great extent characterized by â€Å" fatalistic value system † or the traditional and cultural beliefs which delimits the people to accomplish societal and economic alteration. This is the phase wherein people lack motive to work because of their belief that poorness and economic want are inevitable.Take-off PhaseDuring this period, people begin to be more optimistic about accomplishing economic growing. Here, high-income states guide the low-income 1s towards the following phase of economic development.Technological AdulthoodThis phase is determined by a state ‘s technological betterment, new industries and acceptance of beliefs and values being demonstrated by high-income states.High Mass ConsumptionThis is the last phase of Rostow ‘s economic development wh erein the state eventually achieves the â€Å" high criterion of life. † Modernization paradigm and its focal point on transmittal theoretical account of communicating which was characterized by transmittal of information through mass media runs were greatly criticized for pretermiting the potencies of interpersonal communicating in the procedure. However, subsequently on, this peculiar unfavorable judgment has been realized and was incorporated in the theoretical account ( Inagaki, 2007 ) . In support to this dominant paradigm, Everett Rogers ( 1976 ) introduced the thought of diffusion of inventions which concerns a top-down attack in pass oning technological thoughts, which in the 1960 ‘s were focused on agribusiness and household planning methods. The difference between modernisation theory and diffusion theoretical account lies on emphasizing the importance of interpersonal communicating. The latter recognized the restrictions of mass media in impacting behavioural alterations which is considered an advantage of interpersonal communicating ( In agaki, 2007 ) . One of the criticisms modernisation theory had to face was its limited description of development utilizing the duality between traditional and modern, agricultural and industrial, rural and urban, etc. ( Preston, 1996 ) . Modernization theory besides failed in the facet that development is non merely mensurable through economic statistics ( Lagerwey, 2009 ) . Fair ( 1989 ) said that the dominant paradigm of the First Development Decade failed to see the other causes of underdevelopment aside from economic footings ( e.g. GNP, per capita income ) which includes the â€Å" instabilities and category contradictions † historically created in Third World Countries through colonisation. Ong ( 2009 ) argued that even the economic position of development involves beyond mere economic sciences. The writer named several other concerns of development: efficient societal organisation, improved societal constructions, peace and order, skilled labour force, effectual policymaking and execu tion, to call a few. While it is true that development is economic in nature, it does non purely halt at that place. Harmonizing to Tagle ( 2009 ) , development must besides hold its societal constituent wherein self-fulfillment and harnessing of human possible drama a really of import function. Towards the terminal of the 1960 ‘s, the alleged dependence theory emerged which realized that the modernisation attack merely made the Third World states to a great extent dependent on the First World states ( Ongkiko & A ; Flor, 2003 ; Srampickal 2006 ) .The unfavorable judgments on the economic position of development led to the birth of the humanistic position in the 1970 ‘s ( Second Development Decade ) . During this phase, the quality of life ( indicated by fulfilment of basic demands, employment, equality and instruction ) and adult male himself became the steps of development ( Ongkiko & A ; Flor, 2003 ) . On the other manus, the 1980 ‘s was labeled as the Third Development Decade. During this period, realignment and concentrate on development precedences set during the old phase were initiated. Concerns like â€Å" adult females in development ( WID ) , environment, societal dimensions, autochthonal peoples and sustainable development † were given accent ( Ongkiko & A ; Flor, 2003 ) . Harmonizing to Roman ( 2005 ) , sorting the construct of development into different paradigms can be both utile and deceptive. The writer pointed out that while development paradigms are helpful for differentiation intents, they besides tend to take communicating bookmans astray by: ( 1 ) giving the incorrect thought that these paradigms finally replace each other ; ( 2 ) the impression that the paradigms are bound to be sole ; and ( 3 ) the magniloquence of these paradigms tend to befog how they are applied in world. He besides emphasized the inclination of development communicators to lodge with one of these paradigms which accordingly consequences to restricting themselves â€Å" within a general model of what development is or should be. † The alterations in the development idea have a really important impact on the communicating constituent of DevCom. Eligio ( 2008 ) noted that â€Å" the displacement in development thought † consequences in â€Å" rethinking of communicating. † This is farther supported by Quebral in her Contemplations on Development Communication ( 2002 ) where she pointed out that since development is the weightier facet of DevCom, it is besides the finding factor of the content of communicating. Quebral farther emphasized that even though DevCom is seen as a subdivision of communicating in an academic position – as pupils are taught about communicating being the tool or scheme used to consequence positive alteration in the society – it must ever be clear that the construct of development is more of import. This constituent of DevCom is the 1 that sets it apart from other communicating subjects and the 1 that determines the DevCom end and message. Quebral stressed that à ¢â‚¬Å" communicating should follow where development leads. † Given this degree of importance in the field, it is, therefore, imperative to give focal point on the construct of development.The Communication-Development RelationshipDevelopment as a desired societal criterion is believed to be possible through communicating ( Pratt, 1993 ) . Gebner ( 1967 ) , as cited in Ongkiko and Flor ( 2003 ) , merely defined communicating as â€Å" societal interaction through messages. † As an ever-changing procedure of reassigning messages and shared significances between and among members of society, communicating is said to take a really of import function in accomplishing the end of development. In different facets of life – societal, economic, religious, and political – development is believed to be impossible to take topographic point without the procedures of communicating ( e.g. information sharing, duologue, and knowledge exchange ) . Harmonizing to Wilkins an d Mody ( 2001 ) , the field of development communicating today has been re-conceptualized by the usage of modern engineerings and processes – in simple footings, the usage of communicating for social and single improvement. This besides enables communicating to link people in â€Å" participatory and shared-decision devising † ( Srampickal, 2006 ) . To understand DevCom, it is of import to understand development and communicating non merely as two separate constructs but besides as â€Å" spouses. † Majority of the literature that talks about development communicating defines the field as the usage of communicating to accomplish the end of societal alteration. However, Quebral ( 2002 ) pointed out that for the instance of DevCom at Los Banos, development communicating is non the same as â€Å" mediated communicating. † She reiterated the weightier importance of the development constituent in the field and that the ends of DevCom reflected in her definition – speedy transmutation, societal equity and fulfilment of human possible – are all refering to the â€Å" sort of development we are taking for. † Therefore, it is necessary to transfuse in the immature DevCom pupils the right â€Å" substance of development † in order for them to be applied in their pattern in the hereafter.Developmen t CommunicationThe being and return of different signifiers of social jobs gave birth to the field of development communicating ( DevCom ) . Harmonizing to Ongkiko and Flor ( 2003 ) it is out of necessity – the demand to work out the social jobs, peculiarly in developing states – that development communicating came into the image. DevCom as a professional and scientific field in the Philippines had its foundation on agricultural communicating, but the realisation that the development-oriented issues are non merely present in agribusiness and rural jobs paved manner to the alterations in the subject ( Ongkiko & A ; Flor, 2003 ; Librero, 2008 ) . Today, the dominant position of DevCom worldwide involves both the societal and single degree: ( 1 ) positive societal alteration and ( 2 ) realisation of human potency which finally leads to human improvement ( Wilkins & A ; Mody, 2001 ; Ongkiko & A ; Flor, 2003 ) . This is reflected in the most normally used definition of DevCom, at least for the Los Banos School of Development Communication, given by Dr. Nora C. Quebral ( 1988 ) : â€Å" aˆÂ ¦the art and scientific discipline of human communicating applied to the rapid transmutation of a state and the mass of its people from poorness to a dynamic province of economic growing that makes possible greater societal equality and larger fulfilment of the human potency. † This definition of DevCom, every bit good as its accompanying pattern, has already evolved since she foremost coined the term in 1971. In 1999, Quebral changed the footings â€Å" speedy † to â€Å" planned † and â€Å" societal equality † to â€Å" equity † ( Eligio, 2008 ; Quebral, 2002 ) . This shows the trouble in set uping a individual and inactive definition of DevCom due to the altering micro- and macro- scenes that the field has been exposed to and the uninterrupted alteration both in development [ and ] communicating ideas in peculiar ( Quebral, 2002 ) . Therefore, it is critical to concentrate on the â€Å" many beds of significance † attached to DevCom ( Eligio, 2008 ) .Marginalization and the DevCom BiasWilkins ( 2000 ) defined development communicating as â€Å" the strategic application of communicating engineerings and procedures to advance societal alteration † . The DevCom enterprises expressed in this definition fundamentall y falls under the end of bettering the quality of life of those in the poorer countries of the universe ( Morris, 2003 ) . Harmonizing to Waisbord ( 2001 ) , the historical factors that influenced development were founded on the embedded premise that the sort of development that developed states should be replicated by developing states. Although, this modernisation theory is believed to hold â€Å" passed † in the 1980 ‘s, Eligio ( 2008 ) still inquiries this passing of the dominant paradigm. In their treatment of development construct, Ongkiko and Flor ( 2003 ) presented foremost the societal jobs that must be addressed by development communicating. These social jobs are the 1s nowadays in the Third World states: poorness, unemployment, high population growing, inequality, malnutrition, and the likes of it. In relation to these social jobs, Quebral ( 2002 ) commented: â€Å" From clip to clip, an old job is dusted off and given a new or broad angle, as in nutrient production or generative wellness alternatively of household planning. Poverty, nevertheless, stays – starkly – as poorness. It has proved to be stubborn, many-rooted job withstanding one-dimensional solutions. † The development of development positions is non without matching alterations in attack. New constructs of development have emerged in recent surveies on development communicating. This includes accent on people mobilisation, authorization, and engagement ( Cagasan et al. , 2008 ) . However, the writer argued that development should travel beyond the basic demands: â€Å" poorness is no longer the exclusive account for underdevelopment. † The construct of marginalisation emerged and this involves issues of human rights, spiritualty, morality, and other well-being concerns of adult male. Therefore, marginalized people are non merely those who are missing in footings of economic position. While the positions and attacks have changed, the nucleus societal jobs related to underdevelopment stay the same. Ongkiko and Flor ( 2003 ) said that DevCom â€Å" purposes to learn the hapless to better his life. † The writer besides stressed the function of DevCom in assisting people fulfill the lower order of Maslow ‘s Hierarchy of Needs – a theory of motive which claims that human demands can be arranged harmonizing to their importance ( Figure 1 ) . It can hence be assumed that development communicating has a prejudice towards the marginalized sectors since they are the direct donees of DevCom projects.5th Self-Actualization and fulfilment4th Esteem and StatusHigher Order3rd Belonging and societal demandsLower Order2nd Safety and Security1st Basic Physical NeedsFigure 1. Maslow ‘s Hierarchy of Needs ( Ongkiko & A ; Flor, 2003, p. 165 )The alterations in development communicating throughout the old ages led to realisations of implicit in concerns sing p ower and construction ( Wilkins & A ; Mody, 2001 ) . Harmonizing to White ( 2004 ) , power in the field of communicating prioritizes the individualities and resources of different societal groups. Wilkins ( 2000 ) emphasized the demand to do alterations in the field of DevCom by locating â€Å" its discourse and pattern within contexts of power. † This focal point on power, along with the end of impacting positive alteration, is portion of the critical attack to DevCom. Quebral ( 2002 ) noted the different values which are all brought about by the paradigm displacements in the development idea. These values include engagement, struggle declaration, sustainability, and gender equality. One good illustration of this critical chase in DevCom is the survey conducted by Cadiz in 1994 that looked into the function of engagement in the development procedure. Eglio ( 2008 ) said that Cadiz took a â€Å" critical instead thanaˆÂ ¦ positive position of societal world † and that Cadiz ‘ survey showed that DevCom is a â€Å" communicating scientific discipline that addresses the societal worlds of the hapless. † In her effort to emphasize the DevCom ‘s displacement from positive position to a critical base, Quebral ( 1993 ) wrote: â€Å" Critical theoryaˆÂ ¦takes a more philosophical oppugning stance towards cardinal societal inquiries. Sing the communicating procedure as inseparable from society ‘s societal and cultural constructions, it sets as end the self-emancipation of people from domination ; hence its involvement in the Reconstruction of society. † Servaes ( 1999 ) , as cited in White ( 2004 ) , established the demand to get down development enterprises at grass-roots degree of communities. White ( 2004 ) explained Servaes ‘ thought by indicating out that the escape of societal motions from hierarchal construction by set uping their ain systems of communicating and organisation chiefly defines the development procedure.Plurality of Worlds and Concepts of DevelopmentMultiple worlds have influence on manner development communicators construe the construct of development. Harmonizing to Fetterman ( 1998 ) , the certification of multiple worlds in a specific field is â€Å" important to an apprehension of why people think and act in the different ways they do. † In analyzing societal jobs, which in the instance of this survey is important in understanding different significances of â€Å" development † , Holsti ( as cited in Moran, 1993 ) can be quoted: â€Å" We need constructs of what is, what is of import, what is desirable, and what is related to what are likely to be at the nucleus of the political procedure that societal, psychological, economic, or whatever procedure is to be studied. † This thought of Holsti is related to the construct of world that is personally constructed by an person. Moran ( 1993 ) said that personal building is ever the â€Å" mention point † for finding similarities and differences between/among constructs under survey. In the instance of University of the Philippines – College of Development Communication, the survey conducted by Cagasan et. al. , ( 2008 ) documented the assorted concepts of development that have emerged in module and pupil research surveies of CDC-UPLB from 1972 to 2004. The writers of the survey noted the â€Å" series of substitutions † that the construct of development has gone through in the instance of CDC-UPLB module and pupils who experience different worlds, given the diverse scenes and backgrounds, non to advert their personal prejudices. The survey participants were asked about their personal definitions of development, perceived significance of development based on DevCom pattern, their ain beliefs on what manifest development and significances of development based on their personal experience. Cagasan et. Al. ( 2008 ) presented three major subjects of development as consequences of the survey:Development as bettermentThis concept of development emerged from the grim influence of the modernisation paradigm. Development is viewed here as â€Å" betterment. †Development as a endThe altering multiplicity of significances of the development construct can be attributed to its nature of being a long-time end. Its subtheme involves the construct of â€Å" alteration. †Development as a procedureThe thought reflected in this concept is that development itself is a procedure. This most recent position of development involves the constructs of â€Å" authorization, engagement, autonomy, inaugural and societal investing. † Cagasan ‘s survey showed that the plurality in worlds can convey in multiple concepts of development. In the same manner, it is interesting to cognize how this plurality besides affects the manner immature DevCom pupils construe the construct of development.College of Development CommunicationThe College of Development Communication ( CDC ) website described the DevCom household as â€Å" [ a ] closely knit household of persons equipped with the cognition, accomplishments, and values to move as accelerators for societal alteration. † It is known as the 9th college of University of the Philippines Los Banos and considered to be the innovator in DevCom both as a field of pattern and field of survey in the universe. CDC started as the Office of Extension and Publications under the so UP College of Agriculture ( UPCA ) in 1954 and evolved several times until it was elevated into a college in 1998. The College introduces and trains undergraduate and graduate pupils in â€Å" procedures and constructions of communicating with accent on those that promote equity, authorization, environmental sustainability, and peace and human rights † ( Communication for Social Change Consortium, 2010 ) . The College ‘s vision and mission besides emphasize the end of sustainable development and betterment of quality of life the Philippines and other developing states. The Bachelor of Science in Development Communication plan requires pupils to finish 148 units which include the nucleus classs of DevCom, general instruction classs ( GE ) , every bit good as proficient and societal scientific discipline electives ( CDC-UPLB, 2004 ) . Since this survey will look into the experiences of the selected senior DevCom pupils, the wining subdivisions will advert the nucleus classs of the BSDC plan ( see Appendix A ) .Theoretical ModelThis survey falls under the phenomenological tradition of communicating which focuses on â€Å" depicting lived experience and acknowledging the significance of our corporal, inter-subjective life-world † ( Finlay, 2008 ) . Communicators influenced by this tradition take the emic position or a ‘view from the interior ‘ in looking at the mundane life of an person ( Griffin, 2008 ) . In this survey, the construct of meaning-making, every bit good as lived and shared experiences of the selected senior DevCom pupils in relation to their constructed significances of the development construct were explored. In the context of the â€Å" weightier † development facet in DevCom, experiences of the participants will state a batch specifically on how this construct is being emphasized in DevCom classs. Social constructionist theory ( besides societal constructionism ) , the hermeneutical signifier of constructivism, will be used to depict these experiences of the research worker ( heuristics ) and of the other selected participants ( hermeneutics ) .Personal Construct TheoryKelly ‘s PCT is besides called â€Å" theory of alteration † ( Rix, 1982 ) . Harmonizing to Neimeyer and Bridges ( 2004 ) , the focal point of personal concept theory ( PCT ) is on how persons and societal groups â€Å" organize and alter their positions of ego and universe. † By and large, an single positions the universe through forms which he/she creates to suit their worlds. These forms are called concepts ( Kelly, 1963 ) . Kelly ‘s thought of personal concept theory was derived in this earlier thought of â€Å" constructive alternativism. † Under this belief, adult male ‘s buildings of world depend on how adult male will construe the events and things around him which accordingly forms his ain positions of the ego and the universe. Kelly presupposes that adult male is a scientist – the 1 who invents his ain world and trial it. Man has the duty to foretell and command the class of events. As cited by Carl ( 1999 ) Kelly explained the function of adult male as a scientist: â€Å" The scientist does non keep up his or her theoretical proposal to be judged so much in footings of whether it is the truth at last or non — for the scientist assumes from the beginning that ultimate truth is non so readily at manus — but to be judged in footings of whether his or her proposition seems to take toward and give manner to fresh propositions ; propositions which, in bend, possibly more true than anything else has been therefore far. † Interpretation, anticipation and response in relation to personal experiences are possible through analysis of concepts ( Mahoney & A ; Mahoney, 2004 ) . Kelly ( 1963 ) established the thought that concepts are â€Å" representation of the universeaˆÂ ¦erected by a life animal and so tested against the world of that existence. † This implies that people do non merely move in response to external universe but he/she besides has the power to construe its events and behave harmonizing to them. PCT looks at people as animals that have the capableness to form their perceptual experiences or beliefs based on repeating subjects and significances ( Neimeyer & A ; Bridges, 2004 ) . Therefore, it can be construed from this that people have their ain readings of worlds depending on how they see the universe from their personal positions. This is a clear representation of Mahoney ‘s ( 1988 ) â€Å" proactive knowledge † which he considered to be one of the basicss of con structivism. Kelly ( 1963 ) besides introduced the construct of constructive alternativism wherein people have the power to ‘reconstruct ‘ his/her belief systems if they no longer suit him/her. For illustration, in the instance of this survey, even though pupils have been exposed to assorted significances of the construct of development during their first twelvemonth as DevCom pupils which may hold helped them set up a peculiar concept of it, they can do ‘alternative buildings ‘ based on their personal experiences. This farther explains the multiplicity of significances since the manner people construe the universe is affected by changing personal experiences.Constructivism and the Construction of ExperienceThe modern-day constructivist argument presents the statement between â€Å" cognition as innovation and cognition as contemplation of world † ( see Figure 2 ) ( Chiari & A ; Nuzzo, 1993 ) . This besides answers the inquiry: What is existent? and Does an external world exist? Littlejohn ( 1999 ) , as cited in Cangao ( 2009 ) , explains that constructivism looks into human readings and actions based on â€Å" classs of the head. † This implies that people ‘s procedure of making significances is done by â€Å" sorting experience into classs † which in bend are socially constructed and based on interaction with other people ( as cited in Cangao, 2009 ) . Constructivism is concerned with an single interpretation his/her world ; this is every bit opposed to the statement that people are representation of a socially-constructed world as said by societal constructionism ( Chiari & A ; Nuzzo, 2004 ) . Maturana ( 1978 ) , as cited in Chiari and Nuzzo ( 1993 ) , defined world as a â€Å" sphere specified by the operations of the perceiver. † The perceiver referred to by the writer is person who can â€Å" do differentiations in actions and ideas † while being able to work as a separate entity from his or her environment. In order to understand how personal concepts in relation to their ain constructs of world can be interpreted, Ewen ( 1992 ) enumerated Kelly ‘s colloraries aligned with the Fundamental Postulate [ â€Å" The psychological procedures that comprise our personality are of course active, and are molded into customary forms by the ways in which we anticipate the hereafter † ( Ewen, 1992, pp. 347 ) ] :Question Knowledge as Knowledge/realityrelationship asDoes an external world exist? INVENTION COINCIDENCE IdealismnoDoes it be independently of the perceiver? yes SPECIFICATION STRUCTURAL hermeneutic no Yoke yes Constructivism Is it possible to cognize it? Construction ADAPTATION group as VIABILITYyesIs it a lucifer between cognition and world possible?REPRESENTATION ADAPTATION trivial no as SYMMETRY critical RealismyesREFLECTION naifFigure 2. Wayss of gestating Knowledge-Reality relationship ( Chiari & A ; Nuzzo, 1993 )Construction Corollary: Peoples interpret events based on similarities and differences Individuality Corollary: Each person has his/her ain reading of events or world Organization Corollary: The usage of hierarchies — which besides vary among persons – in forming personal concepts Dichotomy Corollary: Every concept has two poles Choice Corollary: The inclination to value the pole of bipolar concept that allows more accurate anticipation of events Range Corollary: Concepts are believed to be merely utile in foretelling limited types of events Experience Corollary: System of building to a great extent relies on experiences and the desire to better in foretelling events Modulation Corollary: There are concepts that limit the alteration of the system based on what is convenient to them Atomization Corollary: An person can utilize the contradicting facets of personal concepts at different times Commonality Corollary: Different people can hold similar ways of interpreting things Sociality Corollary: An apprehension of how one interprets/views the universe is needed in order for a individual to associate to another individual. Boeree ( 2006 ) explained that by â€Å" procedures † in the cardinal posit, Kelly means that people ‘s experiences, behaviours, perceptual experiences and emotions are non caused by a preexistent world but by the unconditioned single desire and capableness to expect or construe the universe. For this research the Experience Corollary was considered. Kelly ( 1963 ) defined experience as the procedure of how an single continuously ‘reconstrues ‘ replicated events. The writer pointed out that experience corollary has a direct impact on our perceptual experience of acquisition. He noted that the credence of the phenomenon wherein a individual invariably concept or construe replicated events assumes the happening of the acquisition procedure. It can be said that â€Å" the experience and Reconstruction of that experience is synonymous with larning † ( Rix, 1982 ) .Social Constructionism ( Hermeneutic Constructivism )Harmonizing to Burr ( 2003 ) , societal constructionism embraces the being of many-sided versions of world as experienced by societal existences. Self and world are said to be human buildings. However, the manner humans construe what is existent for them – how they think and how they act on their ideas – is besides socially constru cted ( Collin, 1997 ; Raskin, 2002 ) . Simply put, we are societal existences who portion and see the universe with others ( Lock & A ; Strong, 2010 ) . For this research, hermeneutic contructivism, specifically Gergen ‘s societal constructionism, was applied to analyze the lived and shared experiences of selected DevCom pupils. This signifier of constructivism conceptualizes human psychological science as â€Å" ensemble of societal dealingss † ( Parker, 1998 ) and that there is no observer-independent world ( Raskin, 2002 ) . The analytical model used in this survey was adopted and modified from Pilon ‘s ( 2009 ) Heuristic-Hermeneutic Procedure in the Socio-cultural Learning Niches. Figure 3 shows that the procedure is composed of four phases: ( 1 ) prepossession, ( 2 ) reading, ( 3 ) apprehension, and ( 4 ) account. Based on the literature, this procedure is considered â€Å" participatory, experiential, and reflexive. †Analytic ModelInterpretation2( Experiences in larning contexts )Understanding31PreconceptionResearch worker+OTHERS( Insight, empathy, accomplishments, intuition ) ( Prior experiences, values, cognition )Explanation4( Revision, deeper understanding )Figure 3. The heuristic- hermeneutic procedure of the DevCom ExperiencePreconception was characterized by the selected senior DevCom pupils ‘ apprehension of development prior to exposure to DevCom classs. Interpretation was determined by their specific experiences in the class of their undergrad DevCom life, peculiarly the experiences refering to the accent on the â€Å" weightier † development facet in DevCom. Subsequently, apprehension is determined by how they acted on what they have learned in DevCom and how they developed their accomplishments and practiced critical thought. Last, account was characterized by their â€Å" deeper understanding † of the construct of development and their observations on how the development construct should be instilled as the much more of import constituent of DevCom.